Correlation does not equal causation.

Similar studies on human behavior and psychology, where causation is more complex, remain beyond our grasp.

Ketika Tiongkok dan India mengerahkan economic weight mereka ke dalam revolusi energi terbarukan, keduanya memicu reaksi berantai global yang dikenal dengan circular and cumulative causation.

But, like epidemiological evidence, laboratory studies have many uncertainties, and scientists must extrapolate from study specific evidence to make judgments about causation and recommend protective measures.

The positive correlation between income and democracy that one sees across countries could be due to reverse causation democracy is more likely to persist as a country grows richer.

Causation probably runs in both directions here cultural factors may have impeded economic growth, while poor economic performance (say, bad economic policies and over dependence on oil) may have slowed the adaptation of cultural practices to the needs of a modern economy. In very remote places like Afghanistan or Chad, weak connections with the world economy also delayed the process of social change.