The Czar was overthrown.

More recently, the US, France, and the UK toppled Muammar el Qaddafi in Libya, and the US worked with the Egyptian generals who ousted the elected Muslim Brotherhood government.

Over the past century the expert has dethroned the educated generalist to become the sole model of intellectual accomplishment.

Allah goes on to argue that these revolutions did more than just topple regimes like Mubarak s.

Once the US military ousted Saddam s regime in 2003, Iran s most acute security threat vanished.

Protests have already toppled governments in Tunisia and Egypt, leaving other Arab countries faced with widespread discontent.

The nationalist revolutions of the 1950 s and 1960 s, inspired and galvanized by Gamel Nasser s Egypt, nearly toppled the House of Saud.

NEW DELHI In just one decade, the United States has intervened militarily in three Muslim majority countries and overthrown their governments.

Iranians vividly remember the overthrow, orchestrated by the CIA and British intelligence, of the elected government of Mohammad Mosaddegh in 1953.

Iraq s vast reserves, went the argument, could not be developed safely until Saddam was deposed.

It was just one year after the revolution and people thought they overthrew Shah and then they can do anything.

Finally, they brought him down, and the new democratic leadership in Belgrade has, at no little risk to its own position and standing, arrested him.

They point out that Turkey s military has ousted four elected governments since 1960, and continues to play an inappropriately large role in Turkish politics.

The CIA and Britain s MI6 jointly toppled Mohammad Mossadegh s democratically elected government in 1953, in order to block Mossadegh s attempts to nationalize Iran s oil reserves.

The Party, alarmed by the color revolutions that toppled post Soviet leaders in Georgia, Ukraine, and Kyrgyzstan, is cracking down on domestic non government organizations for fear that they, too, might become catalysts for popular uprisings.

TEL AVIV In 2003, the United States which, along with its NATO allies, had already occupied Afghanistan toppled Saddam Hussein s government in Iraq and overran his army.

But one wonders how Obama would have reacted in 1933 had the German military toppled Hitler (who, after all, was appointed Chancellor after winning an election).

As products of revolutionary military takeovers, these secular nationalist regimes failed to produce genuine popular legitimacy and have had to fall back on the dynastic succession practiced by the regimes they toppled.

MANAMA The fervor for change that inspired revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt is now rocking Bahrain. But the uprising in Manama differs from the mass protests that turned out longtime rulers in North Africa. Indeed, sectarian fault lines, together with the security forces complete fealty to the monarchy, seriously diminish the likelihood of peaceful regime change.

MADRID As Egyptians tensely awaited the results of their country s presidential elections, a thread of pessimism ran through the discourse of the young people and secular liberals who had brought down Hosni Mubarak in January 2011.

After they overthrew communism in 1989, the peoples of Central Europe gravitated to democracy because that was the prevailing form of government in the countries of Western Europe, with which they strongly identified.

Military rule and putsches stemming from factional infighting among generals were the norm until the early 1970 s, when university students overthrew a military dictatorship and opened up democratic space.

In Philippines in 2001, President Estrada a million people texted each other about the corruption of that regime, eventually brought it down and it was, of course, called the coup de text.

His dictatorship, and its abrupt end following the 1989 U.S. invasion, are still too recent and controversial to be discussed or debated in classrooms.

Once Korean students overthrew the dictatorship of Park's successor, Chung Doo hwan, Korean scientists, engineers, economists, and others, returned home en masse , bringing knowledge acquired in the US with them.

The eyes of the world are now set on this small country of ten million, to learn the lessons of its recent experience and to see if the young people who overthrew a corrupt autocrat can create a stable, functioning democracy.

So, unlike the East Europeans who overthrew their corrupt political leaders in 1989, and some Latin Americans who did so more recently in Bolivia, Argentina, and Ecuador, Cubans have failed to rally against Castro.

Witness the connections in the war on terrorism between military actions on the top board, where the US removed a tyrant in Iraq, but simultaneously increased the ability of Al Qaeda to gain new recruits on the bottom transnational board.

MANAMA The fervor for change that inspired revolutions in Tunisia and Egypt is now rocking Bahrain. But the uprising in Manama differs from the mass protests that turned out longtime rulers in North Africa. Indeed, sectarian fault lines, together with the security forces complete fealty to the monarchy, seriously diminish the likelihood of peaceful regime change.

When US led forces overthrew Saddam Hussein in 2003, far too little effort was made to understand how a peasant tyrant like Saddam was able to seize power and hold it for so long.

There was more bad news for Roshen in March this year the Kremlin shut down the company's Russian factory over a month after the Maidan protest movement toppled Yanukovich and just days after Crimea voted to join Russia and secede from Ukraine in a controversial referendum.