There are a lot of weeds.

There are too many weeds.

Weed control programme

Problems from weeds, weed control, cost Montana nearly 200 million dollars a year.

Yep, just a little bit of pixie dust.

Perennial weed control

Annual weed control

Perennial weed control Annual weed control Planning a system of weed control Crop management system used in the project Alternative programmes Inter row cultivations

Many weeds were growing among the flowers.

Tracking the 'Cedar Pollen Front'

Here's the cedar pollen front.

These are little bits of individual grains of pollen there and there.

Perhaps there's more pollen in the city.

The weed control programme in the Krasnodar demonstration in 1994, used locally avail able products, both to prove the suitability of these products, and to show how the pro gramme can be sustained in the future.

Planning a system of weed control

The Annual Japanese Agony of Cedar Pollen

By looking at the proportions and combinations of different kinds of pollen in a sample, you can tell very precisely where it came from.

With baleful weeds and precious juiced flowers.

Jonathan Drori Every pollen grain has a story

A cedar tree releases clouds of allergy inducing pollen.

But pollen forensics can be very subtle.

These are little bits of individual grain of pollen there and there, and here is a what you see as one little yellow dot of pollen, when you look in a microscope, it's actually made of thousands of little grains of pollen.

organic crops! No weeds, no bugs, more food, more profit!

No weeds! No bugs! More food!

Choice should be influenced by soil type and weed spectrum.

Weed control, using the overall techniques as described earlier (see weed control section), can be carried out in the normal way for broad leaved weeds.

And of course, they're made to carry this pollen.

That's the stamen. That's thousands of little grains of pollen there, and there's the pistil there.

The use of residual pre emergence herbicides, applied to the soil surface after drilling and prior to crop emergence, is an important element of the crop management system.

Most of the chemical manufacturers or their agents can give advice as to the suitability of their products.

Now, much of the pollen will still be there after repeated washings.

And there is as many different kinds of pollen as there are flowering plants.

Shallow cultivations will also encourage growth of weed species capable of autumn germination and help to control perennial weeds such as creeping thistles by breaking up roots.

Effective control of annual broad leaved weeds means controlling those likely to com pete with the growing crop and or cause problems at harvest.

Foliage must intercept as much sunlight as possible during the growing season.

As temperatures increase and soils warm, weed growth will be more rapid.

A different pollen signature, if you like, or a different pollen fingerprint.

A related process to anemochory is anemophily, which is the process where pollen is distributed by wind.

It is not uncommon for farms in Europe to make changes to a programme to take into account the stress conditions, using a kinder, more gentle chemical if necessary, even if weed control will be reduced. The timing of application, weed stage, weed spectrum and crop growth stage are all vital elements to be considered when controlling weeds.

Instead of controlling pests, and controlling weeds, you are getting super pests, and super weeds.

And here what you see is one little yellow dot of pollen, when you look in the microscope it's actually made of thousands of little grains of pollen.

The key to successful post emergence weed control is timeliness. Maximum effect is obtained when herbicides are applied just as the majority of each flush of weeds reaches the cotyledon to first true leaf growth stage.

So, not only does each type of pollen look different, but each habitat has a different combination of plants. A different pollen signature, if you like, or a different pollen fingerprint.

Some of it even came from lianas, those things that dangle in the middle of the jungle.

And, as Walker explains, plastic mulch films helps suppress weeds.