What could be achieved by planting more trees, cutting methane, or reducing black soot emissions?

Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air.

The drug is already given for 12 months after a heart attack, reducing the risk of a stroke or another attack.

An armed attack could also cause the Iranian public to rally around the government, reducing the chances that a more responsible leadership might emerge.

Banburismus could rule out certain sequences of the Enigma rotors, substantially reducing the time needed to test settings on the bombes.

The annual number of housing starts has fallen by 1.2 million units, cutting annual GDP by an additional 250 billion.

Sanctions purportedly undermine the regime by causing widespread unrest and by reducing the government's power base and tax collections.

Tax avoidance by multinational companies is draining developing country incomes, limiting their ability to invest in education and infrastructure.

This has two obvious benefits it cuts the overall cost of the system by shrinking the number of retirees, and thus weakens the constituency that opposes reform.

Welfare programs in war ravaged countries often aggravate joblessness by reducing work incentives and creating a culture of dependency.

Such policies might well prevent disease, thereby saving money, reducing human suffering, and promoting healthier and more meaningful lives.

Just as inflation helps debtors by eroding the real value of their debts, deflation hurts them by increasing the real value of what they owe.

Developing countries have also increasingly borrowed in their own currencies during the last few years, thus reducing their foreign exchange exposure.

School enrollment rates rose by 1 per year, and more quickly for girls than for boys, narrowing the gender gap.

Because most people s incomes are stagnant and being eroded as their mortgage payments rise, consumption is bound to fall, yielding lower growth and employment.

As demand falls, businesses will reduce production, leading to lower employment and incomes, which in turn will lead to further cuts in consumer spending.

That process started in the late 1980 s, and continued unabated, except in the years around the Asian financial crisis in 1997 1998.

Remarkably, the research suggests that a total of about 9 billion spent implementing marine cloud whitening technology might be able to offset this entire century s global warming.

(Boats would spray seawater droplets into clouds above the oceans to make them reflect more sunlight back into space, reducing warming).

In falling, the dollar lowers the value of the dollar securities in foreign portfolios when valued in euros or other home currencies, shrinking the share of dollars in investors portfolios.

A well designed tax on oil would also reduce demand, thereby lowering the potential for windfall profits for those who rule or own the ground over the oil deposits.

Recent research suggests that efforts to eliminate cancers may actually hasten the emergence of resistance and tumor recurrence, thus reducing a patient s chances of survival.

The extra tax that US firms pay if they repatriate profits raises their cost of capital, thus reducing their ability to compete in international markets.

A complete ban on all nuclear explosions would hamper the upgrading of existing nuclear arsenals and the development of new weapons, diminishing the capabilities of both current and potential nuclear armed states.

A direct attack on poverty can yield a double dividend in reducing human misery, it could spark growth, thereby creating more political space for direct poverty reduction.

But countries like Lebanon have become resistant to its effects for example, by developing creative industries diminishing its negative impact on economic, social, and intellectual development.

Herbicide tolerant plants have decreased herbicide use and encouraged the widespread adoption of no till farming, markedly reducing topsoil loss and promoting soil fertility.

Second, we could opt to expose our information to a form of digital rusting, so that it slowly erodes (and we would need to take proactive steps should we ever wish to recover some of it). Third, we could separate past information, so that it takes a special effort or additional time to retrieve it, thereby reducing the chances that we accidentally stumble upon it.

This tax would have two positive effects it would induce banks to recapitalize, thereby reducing their excessive leverage, while forcing managers to have more skin in the game.

Even that understates the impact of energy on measured inflation, because lower gasoline prices reduce shipping costs, lowering a wide range of prices.

Third, we could separate past information, so that it takes a special effort or additional time to retrieve it, thereby reducing the chances that we accidentally stumble upon it.

(h) To harness the rapidly evolving information and communication technologies to support education at an affordable cost, including open and distance education, while reducing inequality in access and quality

(e) To harness the rapidly evolving information and communication technologies to support education at an affordable cost, including open and distance education, while reducing inequality in access and quality

He should propose a sound strategy over the next 20 years for reducing America s dependence on fossil fuels, converting to electric vehicles, and expanding non carbon energy sources such as solar and wind power.

As long as capital flows remain large relative to the liquid assets held by national governments and are easily reversible, the international economy will be hostage to spectacular boom and bust cycles. Indeed, by focusing attention on internal structural reforms in the developing world, the risk is that the current approach will lead to complacency on short term capital flows, increasing rather then reducing systemic risks.

Indeed, by focusing attention on internal structural reforms in the developing world, the risk is that the current approach will lead to complacency on short term capital flows, increasing rather then reducing systemic risks.

In 1992, the world s governments adopted the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, promising to avoid dangerous anthropogenic human induced interference in the climate system by reducing the rate of emission of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide.

Interestingly, Siegel and many other scientists (such as Irene Klotz at Discovery News) say that by bringing more dense material closer to the earth's core the earth's rotation speed actually increased shortening our day by a very small fraction of a second.

But by reducing your energy use, pretty much at the peak times usually when you have you air conditioning on, or other times like that this generates the peak power at the peak usage time, so it's very complementary in that sense.

In my view, a focus on global public goods things everyone can consume without diminishing their availability to others could help America reconcile its preponderant power with others interests.