At a minimum, proprietary trading ought to be financed by banks own capital.

Rather, the banking system is at the brink of insolvency, with a permanent loss in equity capital.

The main advantages of the Group concern the strong competitive position, high level of equity and high effectiveness of business activity.

In the SW, while the share of manufacturing sector decreased to 39 per cent of approved OFDI equity, that of service industries rose to 60 per cent of equity value and 52 per cent of OFDI approvals (table 2).

They will continue to deprive the banking system of its equity capital, with little chance of it being recouped in the near future.

The lack of equity resulted largely from the concept of limited liability, which provided an incentive for excessive leveraging.

Small scale entrepreneurs lack collateral security for loans, or equity, or both.

Corporations, moreover, are holding the largest amounts of cash, relative to assets and net worth, ever recorded.

Some banks have been severely affected by mounting overdue payments, and their net worth is now negative.

Current liabilities Long term debt Shareholders' equity

They can lengthen their debt maturities by imposing controls on capital inflows, as Chile and Colombia have done.

It would require no transfer payments, because each country would remain responsible for servicing its own debt.

I am convinced that we need an overall cap on leverage on banks balance sheets, regardless of risk asset weightings or value at risk measurements. The fact that equity to asset ratios are currently averaging out at about 3 tells you everything that you need to know about the inadequacy of the current pro cyclical capital requirement framework.

The fact that equity to asset ratios are currently averaging out at about 3 tells you everything that you need to know about the inadequacy of the current pro cyclical capital requirement framework.

Since 1981, the US has been lucky in that inflows of capital from abroad financed the growth of government debt.

Better repayment prospects and lower regulatory capital costs then fuel the asset based financing of further acquisition of assets.

Moreover, some debtor countries which have gone through debt restructurings soon resumed their access to capital markets.

This works when the IMF s share of a country s debt is small, and the country has sufficient resources to service it.

Higher capital ratios and liquidity ratios are only one of several approaches to making the financial system safer.

Banks would scale down their balance sheets in proportion to their reported equity losses and exacerbate the credit crunch from which the world is already suffering today.

As many SMEs have a thin equity position, a bank nor mally prefers that its borrowers transfer profits to equity.

Professional activity Diamond has made fundamental contributions to a variety of areas, including government debt and capital accumulation, capital markets and risk sharing, optimal taxation, search and matching in labor markets, and social insurance.

While the share of minority ownership OFDI projects declined from 64 per cent during the FW to only 24 per cent in the SW, the share of majority ownership increased from 13 per cent to 57 per cent (table 4).

Regulators have proposed steep hikes a Bank of England study, for example, suggested a more than three fold increase.

Lack of equity capital, in turn, made risk averse shareholders hire gamblers to manage their limited liability investment companies.

As a result, commercial providers of debt or equity cannot get the high returns and quick exits that they seek.

UNOPS provides start up funds from its administrative budget only in order to leverage the first one or two projects.

Thereafter, the earnings from these projects serve to leverage additional projects and to replenish the administrative budget.

Right now, the US, Europe, and Japan put up the lion s share of the capital, so they have disproportionate power.

Japan, too, is now facing emerging interest rate risks, as the proportion of public debt held by foreigners reaches a new high. While the yield on Japan s ten year bond has dropped to an all time low in the last nine years, the biggest risk, as in the US, is a large increase in borrowing costs as investors demand higher risk premia.

Japan, too, is now facing emerging interest rate risks, as the proportion of public debt held by foreigners reaches a new high.

The ratio of debt service to export earnings also increased to 32.4 per cent in 1992 from 24.1 per cent in 1983.

Colour coded map for MDG 3, Gender

One post in the middle of August (when the Bank s top cats were certainly away, allowing free rein to the mice) pointed to some of the weaknesses in banks internal capital models, which are at the heart of the Basel 3 capital requirements regime.

It's for your own good.

Of this vast capital inflow, overseas Chinese from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macao and Southeast Asia delivered the lion s share.

To stem this trend, the emerging economies of North Africa, as well as those of Eastern Europe, need to develop homegrown human capital by raising their populations' skill levels.

Deeper European integration, stricter equity requirements for banks, and deeper but homegrown structural reforms are certainly key elements of any solution.

The US financial institutions that went bankrupt in 2008 or that would have gone bankrupt without government help were in trouble because they lacked equity capital.

Capitals of Capital

Capital flight

Capital flows

Our greeting is committed because we all bear the responsibility, which we cannot abdicate, of being the masters of our own lives and the architects of our own futures.

Per cent of C1 Others

The notable exceptions to this trend are countries that manage cross border capital flows, especially the corporate sector s exposure to foreign currency debt.