But what structures should regulators seek to encourage?

Regulators proved unable to forecast and prevent the crisis.

And lower profitability will reduce pay more effectively than any direct regulatory controls.

First, and most important, capital controls create ideal conditions for large scale corruption.

It remains uncertain, of course, whether the regulators would actually take such steps.

The Obama administration opted to stop the pipeline project several days later. Thai regulators scour web for inappropriate content about King Bhumibol

Indeed, governments, regulators, and plant operators around the world have begun learning the right lessons.

The FSB was created in April 2009 at the G 20 s London summit as the successor to the Financial Stability Forum.

Regulators have been wrestling with this problem for years, without conspicuous success.

In their view, markets and private initiative require no significant regulation. The role of politics is to elect majorities that can abolish regulations and regulatory bodies.

Its member organizations are the G 20 s central banks and top regulatory agencies.

The role of politics is to elect majorities that can abolish regulations and regulatory bodies.

That fall in confidence affected banks, the stock market, and the government and its regulators.

Insurance regulators are certainly well aware of the risk of future increases in homeowners insurance premiums.

Regulators are now appreciably tougher and more intrusive than their counterparts in New York.

Tailor made derivatives would have to be registered individually, with regulators obliged to understand the risks involved.

For example, Japan s nuclear regulatory authority was not sufficiently independent, and oversight of the plant operator, TEPCO, was weak.

Under the Senate s approach, regulators would create rules under which an independent regulatory board would choose raters.

Regulators can do a great deal, but they need political direction from the highest level in order to make genuine progress.

The reader is obliged to conclude that regulators might not have been so dim after all.

Regulators face a Sisyphean task, owing to the absence of strong and consistent political support for reining in the financial titans.

Regulators must also take into account credit conditions, because money and credit do not move in lockstep.ampnbsp

On the other hand, if regulators take their time to get it right, there will be a huge shadow of uncertainty hanging over the financial system.

In addition, governments and regulators can take concrete steps to stimulate private sector investment in cleaner forms of energy.

Because financial markets are prone to create asset bubbles, regulators must accept responsibility for preventing them from growing too big.

This point is used to bolster a third argument large institutions have undue political influence and thus capture their regulators.

These regulations differ widely. What information requirements must banks comply with?

These regulations differ widely.

BARCELONA Central bankers and regulators tend to worry that too much competition in the financial sector increases instability and the risk of systemic failure.

Regulators then shifted to edicts requiring banks to maintain a specified capital cushion, thick enough to cover potential losses.

Specialized authorities

If buying dollars is not sufficient to stem the appreciation tide, regulators in emerging economies will erect an array of other barriers to keep money out.

The challenge is even greater because some regulatory agencies must be multilateral, or at least intergovernmental, given the global nature of much economic activity.

The finance industry, regulators, and political leaders need to create a shared sense of collective responsibility for the system as a whole and its impact on the rest of the economy. This set of values should be deeply embedded in the industry and thus should transcend haggling over regulation.

But these reforms have been rolled back recently, with independent regulatory authorities again coming under the control of government ministries (though it seems that the central bank has retained much of its autonomy).

The finance industry, regulators, and political leaders need to create a shared sense of collective responsibility for the system as a whole and its impact on the rest of the economy.

Above all, regulators would force financiers to hold more cash on hand to cover their own bets, and not rely so much on taxpayers as a backstop. Geithner also aims to make financial deals simpler and easier to evaluate, so that boards, regulators, and investors can better assess the risks they face.

Geithner also aims to make financial deals simpler and easier to evaluate, so that boards, regulators, and investors can better assess the risks they face.

Austrian, Italian, and Swiss regulators, seeing that their banks assets and liabilities were in their own currencies, looked the other way.

Regulators must also take into account credit conditions, because money and credit do not move in lockstep.ampnbsp Markets have moods and biases, which need to be counterbalanced.ampnbsp To control credit as distinct from money, additional tools must be employed or, more accurately, reactivated, since they were used in the 1950 s and 1960 s.

If things get too complicated for regulators, the job can always be turned over to the private sector, by relying on rating agencies and financial firms own risk models.

It's called sheep's organs.

Indeed, high tech companies like Microsoft and Intel are particularly unsuitable targets for antitrust policing, because regulators cannot possibly move at the speed of Internet time.

But, in order to regain and maintain public confidence, governments, regulators, and operators must be transparent about the benefits and risks of nuclear power and honest when things go wrong.

Above all, regulators would force financiers to hold more cash on hand to cover their own bets, and not rely so much on taxpayers as a backstop.